Pair production is the creation of a subatomic particle, such as the electron, along with its anti-particle pair, a positron, from a neutral force boson such as the photon. Although, as I will argue, particles as we know them are given physical form as the jet that is to become our universe came into being; I will for the moment use the grammar employed in describing the creation of subatomic matter in the context of pair production.
In returning to thinking about the Big Bang as having an input accretion disc feeding the gravitational singularity at its heart we imagine the fate of a single photon destined to be ejected from either one of the two output jets. Before being ejected the orbit of the photon is around the singularity upon the plane of the accretion disc. Simplifying the orbit of the photon we imagine its locus as being a circle lying on the input accretion plane with the Big Bang singularity at the centre of the circle.
We arbitrarily select a point on the photon’s circular orbit along with its polar opposite in order to define an axis that runs through the singularity at the centre. Pivoting the circular orbit we introduce a slight angle of inclination such that half the orbit is now in the northern hemisphere and the other half is in the southern hemisphere.
Thus for half the photon’s orbit it is in the northern hemisphere and then for the second half of its orbit it is in the southern hemisphere. Although the actual path of a photon around a rotating black hole is bit more complex we can see the same pattern whereby a photon spends half the orbit in the northern hemisphere followed by half its orbit in the southern hemisphere. Thus the photon has a half and half probability of being ejected from either pole given that the photon escapes.
From studying the gravitational and electromagnetic equations governing a Kerr black hole coupled with numerous observation of active quasar galaxies and feeding black holes we can determine the photon’s escape path. A photon destined to escape the gravitational pull of a rotating black hole follows the electromagnetic field lines following a helical path rotating around the axis defined by the black hole’s poles.
Following the equivalent field lines of the Big Bang singularity our escaping photon will either be ejected from the north or south pole following a helical path whose centre of rotation is defined by the axis of the singularity’s poles.
With that all said, let us now plot out a very greatly simplified 3-dimension graph showing the two probable escape paths as well as the photon’s orbit upon the accretion disc. The x and y axises represent just that two spatial dimensions denoted as x and y. The vertical z-axis we define as t in order to denote time.
Next we define the point of origin, \((0, 0, 0)\) , as being the location of the Big Bang singularity. In the context of the hypernova hypothesis we picture this singularity like any other gravitational singularity, namely a black hole. Thus, we next define the event horizon of the Big Bang singularity as a sphere with radius \(r_s\).
Off course the Big Bang singularity is a charged rotating singularity described by the Kerr-Newman metric. The singularity is defined as having rotation and charge such that we can define two poles which form its axis of rotation. However it also implies a much more complex elliptical event horizon but for simplicity we model it as a sphere with radius \(r_s\) whose north pole is at point \((0,0,r_s)\) and whose south pole is at point \((0,0,-r_s)\).
Next we define the plane of the accretion disc as being the x-y plane intersecting the origin and bisecting the event horizon sphere at the equator. Thus given arbitrary \(x_p, y_p \epsilon \mathbb{R}\) we can define a point on the accretion plane as \((x_p,y_p,0)\).
The photon’s orbit upon the accretion disc we had originally defined as a circle. Giving it concrete definition we define a circle, with a radius \(r_o\) that lies upon the plane of the input accretion disc whose centre lies at the point of origin. Secondly, we note that the orbit is outside the spherical event horizon and thus implies \(r_o > r_s\). Thus the circle is defined by the vector equation (1).
$$f(u)=(r_ocos(u+k),r_osin(u+k),0)\phantom{xx},u<0, \phantom{x}u,k\epsilon \mathbb{R}\phantom{xxxxxxxxx}(1)$$We define the parametric value u as a temporal measurement and thus subsequently is thus represented as being equivalent to the t-axis in deriving the two helical escape paths. Also note that (1) has \(u<0\) in order to indicate the time preceding the event where in the photon bifurcates away from and leaves the accretion disc following one of the two helical escape paths.
We define k as a constant in equation (1) such that we can control the point of bifurcation away from the accretion disc and on to one of the helical escape paths.
Looking down the t-axis from above we see that as u increases the direction of rotation around the circle of the photon is anti-clockwise.
Using the locus of the circle defined by equation (1) along with equating the parametric value u directly with time we derive the first helical escape path travelling upwards, and hence forwards in time. Namely, we simply define the first helical escape path as shown in equation (2).
$$g(u)=(r_ocos(u),r_osin(u),u)\phantom{xx},u\geqslant0\phantom{xxxxxxxxx}(2)$$We derive the second helical escape path by performing a parity transform upon our first helical path, defined by (2), thus rendering equation (3).
$$h(u)=(-r_ocos(u),-r_osin(u),-u)\phantom{xx},u\geqslant0\phantom{xxxxxxxxx}(3)$$Actually (3) is both a parity transform, with respect to changing the sign of the x and y spatial coordinates, and a time reversal operation, with respect to the temporal axis t. Thus equation (3) is a PT-symmetric curve of equation (2).
Remember that we originally defined the orbit as having a slight incline to the accretion plane such that the photon is half in the northern hemisphere and half in the southern hemisphere. Let us define the axis along which this slight incline is defined as being along the y-axis. Thus we could rewrite equation (1) as the equation by shown (4).
$$f(u,\varepsilon)=(r_ocos(u+k),r_osin(u+k),\varepsilon cos(u))\phantom{xx},u<0, \phantom{x}\varepsilon>0\phantom{xxxxxxxxx}(4)$$At \(u=0\) the point of departure for our photon, given that it escapes via the north pole, is at \((r_o,0,\varepsilon)\) where \(k=0\). Vice versa, the point of departure for our photon, given that it escapes via the south pole, is at \((-r_o,0,-\varepsilon)\) where \(k=\pi\). But for simplicity let us define \(\varepsilon\) as being sufficiently small that for the bifurcational point of escape is approximately at either \((r_o,0,0)\) for the north pole and \((-r_o,0,0)\) for the south pole.
Let us now look at the rotation of equation (2) and (3) each with respect to their own arrows of time. That is, we consider the ideas of Andrei Sakharov in defining two distinct arrows of time. We denote these two arrows of time as \(t_+\) for our universe of matter and \(t_-\) for our parallel twin universe of antimatter.
Our universe of matter comes from the north pole where \(t>0\) and moving forwards in time for our universe is defined as t monotonically increasing such that \(t_+=t\). Our parallel universe of anti-matter is defined along its own arrow of time, denoted \(t_-\), and is defined by a simple time-reversal operation. That is as \(t<0\) monotonically decreases then by the z-component of equation (3) we have \(t_-=-t\).
If we now define the charge that the photon gains as it becomes a subatomic particle by its respective rotation around its respective arrow of time. So for the \(t_+\) arrow of time, with respect to our universe, we look down the z-axis from above to see its rotation. Vice versa, for the \(t_-\) arrow of time, with respect to our parallel universe of anti-matter, we look up the z-axis from a negative position.
If we define the anti-clockwise rotation as negative charge and clockwise as positive charge we can see how the photon gets its charge as it becomes either matter or anti-matter. Also the photon, which is invariant to time, becomes a particle of matter or anti-matter as it starts to move alongs its respective arrow of time.
Thus in the \(t_+\) universe the photon gains a negative charge because it has an anti-clockwise rotation around the \(t_+\) axis. Vice versa, in the \(t_-\) universe the photon gains a positive charge because it has a clockwise rotation around the \(t_-\) axis. Thus we get charge conjugation symmetry.
Putting this all together we see parity P-symmetry in the transformation of spatial coordinates between equations (2) and (3). Next we see time-reversal symmetry in the transformation of the temporal dimension in the transformation from (2) into (3). Then lastly, with respect to each universe’s arrow of time, we have a negatively charged particle for our universe’s \(t_+\) arrow of time and a positively charged particle for our twin verse with its \(t_-\) arrow of time. Hence charge conjugation C-symmetry comes about.
And so, we can see how a simplified model of the input pattern of an accretion disc with the two output jets gives rise to this most fundamental law of physics; namely CPT-symmetry. Off course if you know how it forms then you can also understand how to create physical systems in which this symmetry can be broken. But before we get Prof. Martin Tajmar’s experiments and the possibility of bending spacetime in a local region we need to understand how the arrow of time actually arises.
The short answer is that it comes from the convection of flow around the jet's concentric ringed series of vortices. But before I can make that argument we need to look at how retrocausality is actually a thing by looking at the quantum eraser experiment. Thus leading me to actually define what exactly a fundamental particle of nature is along with its respective pair with negative mass on the other, or imaginary, side of the field.
Fortunately, at this moment in time, and only this moment gives me a good example for showing retrocausality that is it a bit of an odd coincidence. But before we leave our 3D-graph example I noticed a curious coincidence about my example while formulating it. Rather than carry out a time-reversal operation in getting equation (3) from (2) we do not carry out the time-reversal operation. Doing this renders equation (5) from equation (2).
$$j(u)=(-r_ocos(u),-r_osin(u),u)\phantom{xx},u\geqslant0\phantom{xxxxxxxxx}(5)$$Plotting both equation (2) and (5) we get a very familiar structure. Specifically, a double helix which is curiously the structural shape of the molecule of life, DNA. Also, if you just consider the structure of either equation (2) or (5) on its own, rendering a single helix, we have the structure of the RNA molecule.
Now there is an argument, usually put forward by creationists, regarding the improbability of life arising by pure chance. The argument goes that if the first protein molecules of life were created by the random process off amino acids coming together then the chances of creating a useful protein is around 1 out of \(10^{390}\). There are around \(10^{80}\) atoms in the observable universe.
Off course, this argument relies on the idea that there is no existing substructure to the universe from which life can arise. For my own personal belief, I believe in the theory of evolution. Rather than the creation of life being an improbable event I believe that life was a mathematical certainty. I believe that life is not unique to our one planet but rather our galaxy and universe is teaming with life. We just got to get out there and find it even though they have found us first. Also many arguments I will give in the future are based of eye witness testimony from flying saucer encounters as we try to reverse engineer these craft.
Having formulated this very simplistic mathematical argument for how and why we live in a CPT-symmetric universe it was only in actually writing these words that I picked up on this odd coincidence. There are some truths that when a man comes against them that like love you know is true. You know it is true all the way down your bones. Well that is how I feel in seeing this because of my growing belief that we are far from alone in the universe.
I believe this is no coincidence as life needed a structural framework to arise from and this is seen in this simple CPT-symmetric structure. The very structure of the molecules that encode the information of life itself, RNA and DNA, are mirrored from the perfect symmetry that was formed in the creation of our universe coming from a massive billion light year wide sun like object coming to the end of its life and going nova. For in its death the structure for life, as we know it, was physically born and it is CPT-symmetry.